Lock Haven University

Earth Science – Summer I, 2008

Study Guide for Hour Exam #3 (to be held on July 15, 2008)

The format of the test will be multiple-choice questions. There will be 50 questions in the test. You will use a scantron to bubble your choices with a #2 pencil. Your answers will be scanned using a computer program. A sample test containing several questions is provided as hyperlinks in the study guide. To see a sample question that relate to a topic or term in the study guide, click on the hyperlink for that topic or term. When you click on a hyperlink it will open the sample test with the relevant question shown on top of the page. Check your notes and the textbook for correct answers (ask me, if not sure). Keep in mind that these are just some examples of types of questions that you will see in the test.

Minerals and Rock-forming Minerals (Chapter 2):

v What is geology?  What does geology study? What is the difference between geology and geography? 

v What is the difference between minerals and rocks?

v Know the difference between crystals, minerals, rocks, Earth’s crust

v What are the most commonly used physical properties of minerals?  Know the common properties (e.g. luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, reaction to HCl (hydrochloric acid),  specific gravity, etc.) of the most abundant minerals (e.g. feldspar, quartz, mica, calcite, etc.) found in Earth’s crust.

v What are the most abundant elements found in the Earth crust?

v What is rock-forming mineral?  What is the most abundant rock-forming mineral group called?  What are some examples of minerals that belong to that group?

v What is the difference between ferromagnesian and non-ferromagnesian silicate minerals?  Know some examples of each of these groups.  What are other non-silicate groups of minerals?  Know example and uses of minerals that belong to those non-silicate groups of minerals.

Rocks and Rock Cycle (Chapter 3):

v What is rock cycle?  What geologic processes (e.g. weathering, heat, crystallization of magma) are involved in the rock cycle?

v What are three rock types?  How do three rock types vary from each other?

v Know (with examples) the difference between intrusive vs. extrusive, felsic vs. mafic, continental vs. oceanic, phaneritic vs. aphanitic igneous rocks. 

v Know the common name and occurrence of various igneous rocks in relation to geologic settings (or plate tectonic settings).  In other words, where will you find granite, pumice, basalt, gabbro, etc.?

v Why are sedimentary rocks important?  Know the geologic processes (e.g. weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification, etc.) that are responsible for their generation.  What is Uniformitarianism?

v Know examples of clastic, chemical, and bioclstic sedimentary rocks and their depositional environment.

v What processes are responsible for generation of metamorphic rocks?  Where in the Earth do various types of metamorphism occur? 

v What causes metamorphism in pre-existing rocks?  What are different types of metamorphism?  What types of metamorphic texture (foliation vs. massive) are associated with different types of metamorphism?  Know examples of metamorphic rocks that represent low to high grade metamorphism. Know the parent rocks (protolith) of most common metamorphic rocks.

Topographic Maps (Exercise 3 in Lab Manual)

v What is a topographic map? How does a topographic map vary from a road map?

v What different scales are used on a topographic map? Know how do these scales relate to one another (i.e. be able to convert on scale into another).

v What is the difference between a large-scale (1:24,000) and a small-scale map (1:100,000)?

v What are bench marks and spot elevations?

v Know the rules of contours (e.g. “V” of contours point upstream of a stream; close contours mean steeper gradient, contours never cross each other; contour interval is constant on a map; etc.)

v What is the difference between relief and gradient in an area?

v Know the difference between latitudes and longitudes. What are prime meridian and parallels? What are approximate latitude and longitude of Lock Haven area?

Surface Water and Groundwater (Chapter 5):

v What is hydrologic cycle?  What are the components of hydrologic cycle?

What are the major uses of water in the US? 

v What is watershed?  Why is it important to delineate watershed boundaries in a region? What does the expression “We all live downstream” means?

v Know the types of load carried by a river.  Know the types of erosion and deposition of rivers.

v What is the difference between braided and meandering rivers?  What is the base level of a river? What changes a river go through as it flows downstream? 

v Know various features associated with a meandering river.

v What is flood?  What does the expression “100-year flood” mean? Know the factors affecting flooding propensity in a region (including the influence of urbanization on flooding).

v Know different zones of groundwater.  What is the difference between recharge area vs. discharge area; porosity vs. permeability; effluent vs. influent streams?

v What is the difference between aquifer and aquiclude?  Know examples of rocks that would make good aquifers.

v Know various groundwater-related features:  springs, geysers, sinkholes, karst topography, disappearing streams, cone of depression, drawdown, and caves.

v What are some sources of groundwater pollution?  What are the most common pollutants? Know the difference between point (source of pollution is known) vs. non-point (source of pollution is unknown) sources of pollution with some examples.

v What are the health risks of water pollution?

v What can be or should be done to solve water-related problems?

Weathering and Soils (Chapter 4)

v What is weathering? What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? Know specific examples of various types of weathering (e.g. frost wedging, unloading, thermal expansion, organic activities, hydrolysis, solution, etc.).

v What are the ingredients of soil? What are the major characteristics of various soil horizons? What are some Best Management Practices (BMPs) in terms of preventing soil erosion?