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------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/master09.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/pres.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0002.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Statistics
Chapter 13
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Sampling Techniques
Section 13.1
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Definitions
pStatistics:=   The science of gathering, analyzing, and making predictions from numerical information
pData:=   The numerical information obtained by experiment
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Two Types of Statistics
pDescriptive Statistics:=   Concerned with collections, organization and analysis of data
p= Inferential Statistics:=   Concerned with making predictions from data
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Population vs. Sample
pPopulation:=   All items or people of interest in an experiment
pSample:=   A subset of a population used to make predictions
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pA sample is used in statistics because it is often impossible or prohibitively expen= sive to observe the entire population
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Biased vs. Unbiased Samples
p= Biased Sample:=   A sample that does not reflect the population (all women, all high income, all republicans)
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pUnbiased Sample:  A sample that is a small replica = of the entire population
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Types of Samples
pRandom Sample:=   Each item in the population has an equal likelihood of being included
pSystematic Sample:<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>=   Every nth item is selected for the sample
pCluster Sampling:  A group of units is selected at <= /span>random and every item in the grou= p is part of the sample
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Types of Samples (cont.)
pStratified Sample:<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>=   The population is divided by characteristics (race, sex) and a random sample is selected from each class
pConvenience Sampling:  The items selected for the sample are those easiest to obtain (or the only ones possible to obtain)
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Example
= pA factory makes bowling balls.  There are four colors (red, white, blue and black), and= 7 weights (10 oz – 16 oz).  T= he bowling balls are packed into crates of 20 to be shipped.  Determine the types of each of th= e following samples.<= /div>
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Example (cont.)
A.Every 50th bowling ball is selected for the sample.
• Systema= tic
B.Each bowling ball produced is assigned a number.  A computer then rando= mly generates numbers.  The bowli= ng balls that match th= ese numbers are included in the sample.
• Random&= #13;
C.The first 100 bowling balls off the assembly line are chose= n = for the sample. = ;
• Conveni= ence
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Example (cont.)
D.Bowling balls are separated into colors and weights.  A random sample is th= en taken from each of the groups.
• Stratif= ied
E.Random crates are selected and all balls in the selected cr= ates a= re used for the sample.
• Cluster=
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Frequency <= /span>= Distributions
Section 13.3=
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Frequency Distribution
pA listing of observed values with the number of times each value occurred=
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Example
pA poll was conducted that asked respondents what model year of car they drove
p130 people were surveyed
pThe results follow<= /div>
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Example: Model Year of Car
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Year
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Year
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Data Grouped by Classes
pData is often grouped to make interpretation easier
pClass Width:=   Number of values in a class
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Grouping Rules
1)Class widths must be equal
2)Classes may not overlap
3)Each piece of data may reside in only one class
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Example
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pConstruct a frequency distribution for year of car driven.  Let the first class be 1991-1994.=
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Example (cont.)
pClass width is 4
pSecond class must start with 1995
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pUpper class limit for second class is 1994 + 4 =3D 1998
pSecond class is 1995 - 1998
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Example (cont.)
2007 – 2010
2003 – 2006
1999 – 2002
1995 – 1998
1991 – 1994
Frequencies
Classes
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Example (cont.)
23
2007 – 2010
42
2003 – 2006
35
1999 – 2002
24
1995 – 1998
6
1991 – 1994
Frequencies
Classes
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Definitions
pModal Class:=   Class with the greatest frequency
pMidpoint of a Class (Class Mar= k):=   Average of lower and upper class limits
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0264.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Example
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.94%;top:.3em'>pInfant birth weights are routinely measured shortly after birth.  Following is a sample= of results for a given year.  Construct a frequency distributio= n grouped by class. Let the first class be 90 – 99 ounces.
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Infant Birth Weights in Ounces
p135 128 115 142 128
p107 147 120 129 136
p92 149 108 130 128
p100 131 119 107 111
<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>p
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0266.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Example (cont.)
Classes
Frequencies=
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Example (cont.)
Classes
Frequencies=
90 – 99
100 – 109=
110 – 119=
120 – 129=
130 – 139=
140 – 149=
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Example (cont.)
Classes
Frequencies=
90 – 99
1
100 – 109=
4
110 – 119=
3
120 – 129=
5
130 – 139=
4
140 – 149=
3
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Statistical Graphs
Section 13.4=
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0086.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Statistical Graphs
pCircle Graph
pHistogram
pFrequency Polygon
pStem-and-Leaf Plot<= /div>
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Circle Graph
pCircle Graph:=   Compares the percentages of the different classes of the data = ;
pCreate a Circle Graph =
1)Add the frequencies of all the classes to determine the total
2)Determine the percent for each class by dividing each frequency by the total
3)Multiply each percent by 360° to determine the angle for each class
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0093.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Example
= pA recent poll was taken of people’s favorite color.  The following frequency distribut= ion shows the results.  Create a circle graph.
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0269.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Example (cont.)
Favorite Color
Number
Percent
Angle Measure<= /span>
Blue
58
Red
42
Yellow
36
Green
18
Orange
12
Total
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Example (cont.)
Favorite Color
Number
Percent
Angle Measure<= /span>
Blue
58
Red
42
Yellow
36
Green
18
Orange
12
Total
166
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Example (cont.)
Favorite Color
Number
Percent
Angle Measure<= /span>
Blue
58
34.9%
125.8°
Red
42
25.3%
91.1°
Yellow
36
21.7%
78.1°
Green
18
10.8%
39.0°
Orange
12
7.2%
26.0°
Total
166
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Example (cont.)
Favorite Color
Number
Percent
Angle Measure<= /span>
Blue
58
34.9%
125.8°
Red
42
25.3%
91.1°
Yellow
36
21.7%
78.1°
Green
18
10.8%
39.0°
Orange
12
7.2%
26.0°
Total
166
99.9%
360.0°
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Example (cont.)
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Example
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%;top:.3em'>pCreate a circle graph based on the frequency distribution and classes generated for the model year of cars driven
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Example (cont.)
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Histogram
pA column chart =
pObserved values on the horizontal axis
pFrequencies on the vertical axis<= /span>
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Example
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.05%;top:.3em'>pA recent poll was taken of the average number of hours students sleep at night.  The results follow.  Create a histogram.=
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Example (cont.)
Hou= rs of Sleep
Num= ber of Students
5
3
6
18
7
62
8
86
9
39
10
8
11
1
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Example (cont.)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 <= /span>
90 <= /span>
80 <= /span>
70 <= /span>
60 <= /span>
50 <= /span>
40 <= /span>
30 <= /span>
20 <= /span>
10 <= /span>
0=
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Example (cont.)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 <= /span>
90 <= /span>
80 <= /span>
70 <= /span>
60 <= /span>
50 <= /span>
40 <= /span>
30 <= /span>
20 <= /span>
10 <= /span>
0=
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0279_image020.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhCwAEAXcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAMAAwAF AAABgAAAAAAAAAJaBGIWeKsLoUqHspluzbbzj4WbqJUeeY6qCa4pi7awK792jcc6vc/+3QPyhr8c UVgMGpPHJfLpjCqnTSrzCrVmq1ystLv1ar9iMDmMPqvHbHO7DE+/5e56HFAAADs= ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0279_image021.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhYwEKAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAgBe AQYAgAAAAAAAAAJKhI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rzj4IXiSJbmiaYqE7RGC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+DwwKh8Si 8bhKKpefo/MJjUpjzKr1is1qV7Ct9wsOi6+gQwEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0279_image022.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhGAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAX AAoAgAAAAAAAAAINjI+py+0Po5y02otxAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0279_image023.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhGAA3AHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAX ADUAgAAAAAAAAAIhjI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rz7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTL8FADs= ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0279_image024.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh7wDtAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAADu AOwAgAAAAAAAAAL/hI+py90Bo5wUuouz3rz7D4aiUpXmiKbqyrauYcbTS9f2jWfyHuT+Dwx+eDKh 8YgEEmPJpvOJWp6g1Kp1IS1dt9xnttINi5Xf2fiMdpXN6bYbtJa853Rd3FLP6w93/P4/19cDSNgm WIh4dpjIyLXYCEn1GEmZNFmJGXSZyYmz2Qn68hlKqjJaihpymsrKsdoKe/EaS0vSV4trd5fL+3Db C4wwG9w6TJxqfFyarBzK3Nz5DJ0pPV1ZbR2Jnd24zZ3o/V0YLg5IXr53jp6nvk7X7v4GH2/4Sw86 f69or0/N33/tH0BtAgd2K2gQHMKE4xYyNOfwYbqIEtlRrPjuIkZ5/xo31tvlcUTHDfkYjtRQMuFJ XXFCigTJIqXBlRhkDqQpC6dLGDBX2ASo01fPnR2CMvjZzygWpR6ZJkCqz6kwqRWp8hxKlCTWKFYf doV672tXk1tfls2as2ULsPTEnkUrdI2asSrfwqE70+4QvDf1emAbz61auFoH++QL1G9RxEkVu2Ic 1XFhw4RrSkYJOexllnIrY6acArA7wZ09WwbNdTNa0mVMc/4yV3VW1rBdpy19WDZR2lls3269NnNb 3XFx+7aF2mzy4wB4S2F+lHh06SGdL4G+dLkq4YGpI9fu2zoR7N+Bx+Q+2vtT9OvE8yC/Hvxe9Rjd 74A/Vf5f9ujsF//Bf5VxofFXjn9MANgcfXwQKI6BUwDooBYIRgjGhAoGKCB2FFKAYIL6LXahhxni siEbuY1YS4lyBPchMiHmw2AaKkYQG4q0zOjHieYBg+Mg57WISo817tiLkCzaGIuRPyIJi5I61haM k6aEqBCQn1n5Wm/ESDkgls68iOMxXKbGZDFgnlkmK2MqRyQva4oQIxpvbuclPmim+Vid0dzZJpl9 ksgnlE9qGWWghA763JaGJrrknykuet2Rjt4I6XiSClpkpe9demimehY36V2f+jNqdqWWh6mbmt7H KaM8rvpfo6nmMqeoeAYJ64GydqrqqfH5mt+ty+T6IKKRFgrsgsT/VoissFny6uesgCaLYajzOfsl tSJi+5u0j2oLI5WI1HqttWaCG6ai6C7LobrcOhCutlW+C6q3dNJLKr6m6osqtNPy+yvAwZqrJrvt 7uqqpwIru+7CBzXs8Lb2JmmwiVPKO27FKyJ87KsQE5xnxPOCPFnEce7z8cTlqnyuyek2S/KVLmPc UMr+wiluzTPb3LHCMT+bcJciZ8xzz0L/nO3OSrNccNGWcvy0x0szHTLSdjq9KdRZS201vC9zTXXJ XdcbNK0a09iq0WZjzarWbYN9871Tl/3v2NOxrSvcdON8to96q82m3fuGPSzeeV88tM6C9xu3rYtT Qu5+NBMSOYiJ/1Pet9+IP06Q4cVuTjgplVcdetKcMzw34N+mrrrcpV/NetSgN95k5kO+vqfnErod 69+yH316tbS3HLzEuJPdOsW6M2vs72vHvvXse0c7vRGjiz38ysffnj3p2w/eveWXSw7929In7/r3 vB8OvPoBu8949ZrYnrbz7YfvCf3rf968/UdcLzP4vU+A1JMf+crHvvOhjwzLO1j/zPdACFpCfxFM 4P0M+AMAAs1/gSNgBzHoPfxtMHoVtOD/KKhAEqZQhUjQ4GmGJppuifCFCOTfCiXYQhRekIN8m9wB PRgvGJ5sYED82v5s2ENBFLFvNJiHEhtosR2ysIAgDOATeai9GRPKsIoh5CINr4jFHy5RiBfqQwEA ADs= ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0280.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Example
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%;top:.3em'>pCreate a histogram based on the frequency distribution and classes generated for the model year of cars driven.
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Example (cont.)
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Frequency Polygon
pA line graph
pObserved values on the horizontal axis
pFrequencies on the vertical axis
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p(Same as a histogram except it is a line graph)
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Stem-and-Leaf Plot
pOrganizes data while displaying all data points
pUsually the units digits are the leaves&= #13;
pRemaining digits are the stems
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Example
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.16%;top:.3em'>pAn experiment was conducted on lu= ng capacity.  Participants were asked to hold t= heir breath for as long as possible.  Following are t= he results are in seconds.  Create a stem-and-leaf plot.
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Example (cont.)
p 32 46 51 39 64
 54 27 38 41 50
 32 69 72 44 50
 65 54 55 30 49
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Example (cont.)
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Example
= pCreate a stem-and-leaf plot based= on the infant birth weights given in a previous example
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Measures of Central = Tendency (Averages)
Section 13.5=
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Data Sets
p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8}
p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
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Mean(    )
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pSum of the data divided by the number of data points
pMost people think of this as the average
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Example: Find means = of the given data sets
p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p8+6+5+9+8
         5
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p36
 5
p7.2
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Example: Find means = of the given data sets
p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p18+22+8+25+16+17+26
        = ;          7
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p132
  7
p18.9
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Example: Find means = of the given data sets
p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p59+62+66+48+59+62+72+59
        = ;            &n= bsp;  8
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p487
  8
p60.9
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Median
pMiddle value in a set of ranked data (listed from smallest to largest or vice-versa)
pIf there is an even number of data points, take the mean of the two middle values
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Example: Find median= s of the given data sets
p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8}
pRanked {5, 6, 8, 8, 9}
pMedian =3D 8
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Example: Find median= s of the given data sets
p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
pRanked {8, 16, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26}
pMedian =3D 18
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Example: Find median= s of the given data sets
p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
pRanked {48, 59, 59, 59, 62, 62, 66, 72}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pMedian =3D 59 + 62<= /span>
        = ;            &n= bsp; 2
pMedian =3D 60.5
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Mode
pThe data point that occurs most frequently
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p If no one data point occurs more frequently than others, there is no mode
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Example: Find modes = of the given data sets
p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8}
pRanked {5, 6, 8, 8, 9}
pMode =3D 8
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Example: Find modes = of the given data sets
p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
pRanked {8, 16, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26}
pThere is no mode
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Example: Find modes = of the given data sets
p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
pRanked {48, 59, 59, 59, 62, 62, 66, 72}
pMode =3D 59
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Midrange
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pValue half-way between the lowest and highest values in a set of data
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pMidrange =3D Lowest Value + Highest Value
 2
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Example: Find midran= ges of the given data sets
p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p5+9
   2
pMidrange =3D 7
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Example: Find midran= ges of the given data sets
p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p8+26
   2
pMidrange =3D 17
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Example: Find midran= ges of the given data sets
p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>p48+72
    2 <= /div>
pMidrange =3D 60
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";visibility:hidden'>p
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Measures of Dispersion
Section 13.6=
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Measures of Dispersion
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pUsed to measure the spread, or variability, of the data
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pIndicates whether the data is closely grouped or widely spread out
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Data Sets
p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8}
p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
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Range
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pDifference between the highest and lowest values of a set
pRange =3D Highest Value – Lowest Value
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Example
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>pFind the ranges of = the three given data sets
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%;visibility:hidden'>p <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>p{8, 6, 5, 9, 8} = ;
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>p9 – 5 =3D 4&#= 13;
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%;visibility:hidden'>p <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>p{18, 22, 8, 25, 16,= 17, 26}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>p26 – 8 =3D 18=
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%;visibility:hidden'>p <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>p{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:86%'>p72 – 48 =3D 2= 4
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Standard Deviation
= pMeasures how much the data differs from the mean “on average”
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Standard Deviation of a Se= t of Data
1)Find the mean
2)Create a chart listing
nData Data – Mean (Data – Mean)2&#= 13;
3)Complete the chart
4)Find the sum of the (Data – Mean)2 column
= 5)Divide this sum by n= – 1, where n is the number of <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:51.02%;left:6.64%;width:80.25%;height:48.97= %'>data points
6)Take the square root
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Example
= pFind the standard deviation of gi= ven data sets
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Std. Dev. of {8, 6, 5, 9, 8}<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-color-index:1'>
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1)Mean =3D 7.2
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2)Data Data – Mean (Data – Mean)2
8 8 – 7.2 =3D .8 (.8)2 =3D .64
6 6 – 7.2 =3D -1.2 (-1.2)2 =3D 1.44
5 5 – 7.2 =3D -2.2 (-2.2)2 =3D 4.84
9 9 – 7.2 =3D 1.8 (1.8)2 =3D 3.24
8 8 – 7.2 =3D .8 (.8)2 =3D .64
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4) 10.8
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Std. Dev. of {8, 6, 5, 9, 8} (cont.)=
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5)10.8 ¸ (5 – 1) =3D 10.8 ¸ 4 =3D 2.7
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6)       =3D= 1.643
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Std. Dev. of
{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1)Mean =3D 18.86 =
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2)Data Data – Mean (Data – Mean)2
18 18 &= #8211; 18.86 =3D -.86 (-.86)<= /span>2 =3D .7396
22 22 &= #8211; 18.86 =3D 3.14 (3.14)<= /span>2 =3D 9.8596
8 8 = 211; 18.86 =3D -10.86 (-10.= 86)2 =3D 117.9396<= br> 25 25 &= #8211; 18.86 =3D 6.14 (6.14)<= /span>2 =3D 37.6996 16 16 &= #8211; 18.86 =3D -2.86 (-2.86= )2 =3D 8.1796
17 17 &= #8211; 18.86 =3D -1.86 (-1.86= )2 =3D 3.4596
26 26 &= #8211; 18.86 =3D 7.14 = (7.14)2 =3D 50.979= 6 <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4) 228.8572
------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/slide0316.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics
Std. Dev. of
{18, 22, 8, 25, 16, 17, 26} (cont.)<= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5)228.8572 ¸ (7 – 1) =3D 228.8572 ¸ 6 =3D 38.1429
= <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6)        = ;      =3D 6.176
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Std. Dev. of
{59, 62, 66, 48, 59, 62, 72, 59}
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1)Mean =3D 60.875
= <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2)Data Data – Mean (Data – Mean)2&#= 13;
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4)Sum of (Data – Mean)= 2 =3D 328.8748
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5)328.8748 ¸ (8 – 1) =3D 328.8748 ¸ 7 =3D 46.9821
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6)        = ;        =3D 6.854
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"slide0312.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0313.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0314.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0315.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0316.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0317.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) { var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i; return href.replace(regExp, "") } function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; =09 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref= )) else PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref) =09 if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)) else PPTSld.location.replace(href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('


' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="us-ascii" Chapter 13: Statistics ------=_NextPart_01CBAD96.CFC93200 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E4BB24E/chapter_13_presentation_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
 No= tes
Slide Show
Outline
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