____ 1. According to the
discussion at the beginning of the section on gender comparisons in
cognitive abilities, there is usually a large overlap in the distribution of
females' and males' scores. An important implication of this finding is that
|
a. |
on most tests, most men
score higher than most women. |
|
b. |
researchers' expectations
probably caused the overlap. |
|
c. |
men's scores are more
variable than women's scores. |
|
d. |
many men and women will
receive similar scores. |
____ 2. As the section on
cognitive abilities notes, about 7% of males and 3% of females have spatial
ability scores in the top 5% of the population. An implication that we can
draw from this information is that
|
a. |
gender differences in
this area are very large. |
|
b. |
this gender difference
cannot explain why women in engineering are relatively rare. |
|
c. |
the variability in scores
within each gender is very small. |
|
d. |
the samples of students
taking these tests was unbiased. |
____ 3. Imagine that you are
attending a lecture on gender comparisons in children's reading
comprehension. The speaker says, "The effect size for this kind of
reading-comprehension test was 0.15." You would conclude that
|
a. |
this gender difference is
large. |
|
b. |
the difference is boys
and girls scores is 15% |
|
c. |
the gender difference is
zero. |
|
d. |
the gender difference is
small. |
____ 4. Which of the
following memory tasks is one that you would expect females to perform
better than males?
|
a. |
Memory for a list of
unrelated words |
|
b. |
Memory for information on
a grocery store list |
|
c. |
Memory for who won the
latest primary in the race for the presidential election.
|
|
d. |
Memory for information on
a hardware store list |
____ 5. What can we conclude
about the grades that males and females receive in mathematics courses?
|
a. |
Girls receive higher
grades than boys up through sixth grade, but older boys receive
higher grades than do older girls. |
|
b. |
No consistent gender
differences have been reported in math grades. |
|
c. |
With some consistency,
girls receive higher grades. |
|
d. |
With some consistency,
boys receive higher grades. |
____ 6. Your roommate Alex
is reading the paper and suddenly exclaims, "See, I knew women weren't as
good as men at math. This article says that women score more than 30 points
lower than men on the math SAT." Based on the material in your text, your
best response would be
|
a. |
"That can be explained by
the fact that more men than women take the test." |
|
b. |
"The test doesn't really
measure the ability to solve math problems, but it does accurately
predict performance in college math courses." |
|
c. |
"Women may score lower,
but the test underpredicts both their grades in college math and
their college GPA." |
|
d. |
"The gender differences
are not statistically significant, because the sample size is so
large." |
____ 7. On which of the
following spatial abilities are the gender differences likely to be the
largest?
|
a. |
Reading a map
|
|
b. |
Finding hidden letters in
a complex painting (spatial visualization) |
|
c. |
Imagining what a
geometric design would look like if it were turned upside down
(mental rotation) |
|
d. |
Visualizing where the
true horizontal would be located if you were seated in a completely
dark room (spatial perception) |
____ 8. Which of the
following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on
spatial abilities?
|
a. |
Osmane: "Gender
differences are relatively large on some spatial tasks, but these
gender differences can be reduced when the instructions are
modified." |
|
b. |
Anna: "Not one of the
gender differences is statistically significant, despite the media
coverage of this topic." |
|
c. |
Oswalda: "Gender
differences are large on tests of spatial visualization and spatial
perception, but they are small on tests of mental rotation. |
|
d. |
Fred: "Individual
differences are smaller on spatial tasks than they are on verbal or
mathematical tasks." |
____ 9. Chapter 5 discusses
some biological explanations that have been proposed to account for gender
differences in cognitive ability. Which of the following statements is
correct about these explanations?
|
a. |
Research has not
supported a genetic explanation for gender differences. |
|
b. |
The term
lateralization refers to the fact that the X chromosome is
larger than the Y chromosome. |
|
c. |
In normal individuals,
the left hemisphere is completely responsible for spatial tasks. |
|
d. |
People who have more
complete lateralization show the best performance on cognitive
tasks. |
____ 10. Suppose that you are
reading a magazine article about biological explanations for gender
differences in cognitive ability. Which of the following statements would
you trust the most?
|
a. |
Gender differences in
brain structure may arise because learning experiences can have an
effect on the neurons in the brain. |
|
b. |
Gender differences in
spatial ability can best be explained by the genetic differences
between women and men. |
|
c. |
Females have more
complete lateralization than males do, and lateralization is related
to reading comprehension. |
|
d. |
At present, the best
explanation is that gender differences can be traced to hormonal
differences during adolescence. |
____ 11. Suppose that you
have a friend who teaches high-school mathematics. If this teacher were to
question the students in these classes, it would be likely that
|
a. |
the females would say
their parents don't think females do very well in math. |
|
b. |
the females who receive
top scores are likely to be fairly feminine. |
|
c. |
males and females would
be similar in their attitudes about math. |
|
d. |
the males would be
somewhat more careful and cautious when they take a math test. |
____ 12. What can we conclude
about gender differences in achievement motivation?
|
a. |
Men are somewhat higher
in achievement motivation, across a variety of conditions. |
|
b. |
There are no substantial
gender differences. |
|
c. |
Men are higher in
achievement motivation on practical tasks, whereas women are higher
on academic tasks. |
|
d. |
Girls are higher than
boys in achievement motivation, but men are higher than women in
this area. |
____ 13. The current view of
fear of success is that
|
a. |
women have increased in
their fear of success during the last decade. |
|
b. |
gender differences in
this area are small and inconsistent. |
|
c. |
men are now higher than
women in this area. |
|
d. |
both women and men are
extremely low in fear of success. |
____ 14. Imagine that a male
friend and a female friend have each received enthusiastic praise for their
lab reports. What would you be likely to observe about their
self-confidence?
|
a. |
The self-confidence of
both would rise markedly. |
|
b. |
The self-confidence of
the male would rise more than the self-confidence of the female. |
|
c. |
The self-confidence of
the female would rise more than the self-confidence of the male. |
|
d. |
Neither friend would show
a change in self-confidence. |
____ 15. Which of the
following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on
people's attributions for their own success?
|
a. |
Ned: "If we look only at
adults who are older than 25, men are more likely than women to
attribute their success to their high ability." |
|
b. |
Diane: "When working on
gender-neutral tasks, men are more likely than women to attribute
their success to their high ability." |
|
c. |
Sylvan: "When people
provide their judgments in private, men are more likely than women
to attribute their success to their high ability." |
|
d. |
Nadia: "Actually, no
gender differences have been reported in this area." |
____ 16. Imagine that you are
attending a lecture on gender comparisons in social behavior. You have been
told that the speaker will provide an overview of the topic. Which of the
following statements would you most expect to hear?
|
a. |
Surprisingly, gender
differences are small when gender roles are emphasized. |
|
b. |
Gender differences are
small when other people are watching you. |
|
c. |
Gender differences are
large when the relevant behavior involves skills related to one's
gender. |
|
d. |
Gender differences are
large when other roles-such as work-are emphasized. |
____ 17. You are
eavesdropping on a conversation between a man and a woman in a restaurant.
If the man and woman are each typical of their gender, you would expect to
find that
|
a. |
the man is more likely
than the woman to interrupt in order to change the direction of the
conversation. |
|
b. |
the woman is more likely
than the man to interrupt in order to change the direction of the
conversation. |
|
c. |
there would be no gender
differences in the kind of interruption pattern that changes the
direction of the conversation. |
|
d. |
if the woman appears to
be lower status, she will interrupt more; otherwise, there would be
no gender differences. |
____ 18. From what you know
about gender differences in the use of personal space, which of the
following do you think you would be least likely to see?
|
a. |
Two men sitting close to
each other |
|
b. |
Two women standing close
to each other |
|
c. |
A small child sitting
close to an adult woman |
|
d. |
An adult male and an
adult female sitting close to each other |
____ 19. Which of the
following students provides the most accurate information about gender
comparisons in facial expressions?
|
a. |
Phil: "Men show a wider
range of facial expressions than women do." |
|
b. |
Alma: "Women often smile
because they are uncomfortable, not because they are enjoying
something." |
|
c. |
Angela: "When people look
at a photo of an angry man, they are likely to say that he is
somewhat afraid; in contrast, they say that a photo of an angry
woman is expressing only anger." |
|
d. |
Sedrick: "The most recent
research shows no evidence of gender differences in facial
expression." |
____ 20. According to the
chapter on social gender comparisons, decoding ability is
|
a. |
the speed with which one
processes written material. |
|
b. |
the ability to see a
figure that is hidden in a complex design. |
|
c. |
the ability to figure out
another person's emotions from his or her nonverbal behavior. |
|
d. |
the ability to figure out
alternative meanings of a spoken passage. |
____ 21. According to
LaFrance and Henley, gender differences in personal space, body posture, and
gaze are most effectively accounted for by the fact that
|
a. |
men have more power and
social status in our culture. |
|
b. |
people who have less
power don't pay enough attention to people with more power. |
|
c. |
children receive
inconsistent punishments and rewards for their gender-appropriate
nonverbal behaviors. |
|
d. |
certain nonverbal
behaviors are more adaptive in the workplace for men, rather than
women. |
____ 22. According to Hall's
social learning explanation of gender differences in communication,
|
a. |
our culture reinforces
men's position of power and social status. |
|
b. |
children are reinforced
for gender-appropriate nonverbal behavior and punished for gender
inappropriate nonverbal behavior. |
|
c. |
women and girls need to
learn more masculine styles of behavior in order to be successful. |
|
d. |
people with high social
status seldom notice the nonverbal behavior of other people. |
____ 23. Which of the
following students provides the most accurate information about the research
on "heroes," or people who risk their life to help other people?
|
a. |
Tanika: "Men are likely
to be more heroic than women when physical strength is required." |
|
b. |
Josh: "Men and women are
equally heroic when the heroic action is done in public." |
|
c. |
Shoshona: "Men are likely
to be more heroic than women when the action involves pain and the
possibility of medical problems." |
|
d. |
Gerard: "Men were more
likely than women to try to save Jews during the Nazi holocaust." |
____ 24. Gender differences
in nurturing reactions to young children are most likely to be
demonstrated in
|
a. |
physiological measures. |
|
b. |
self-report. |
|
c. |
measures of nonverbal
behavior. |
|
d. |
behavioral measures. |
____ 25. When confronted with
a moral dilemma, such as whether or not to turn in someone who has committed
a crime, Larry emphasizes the role of power, influence, and legal authority,
in people's relationships to others. In terms of theories on moral
reasoning, this view is most similar to the
|
a. |
social-roles perspective. |
|
b. |
justice perspective. |
|
c. |
care perspective. |
|
d. |
equality perspective. |
____ 26. The current research
on gender comparisons in moral reasoning shows that
|
a. |
women are consistently
much more likely than men to emphasize "justice" in moral reasoning. |
|
b. |
women are consistently
much more likely than men to emphasize "care" in moral reasoning. |
|
c. |
overall, there are gender
similarities in this area. |
|
d. |
the only gender
differences in moral reasoning are found in cultures outside North
America. |
____ 27. According to the
research on children's aggression,
|
a. |
boys show more physical
aggression and more relational aggression than girls do. |
|
b. |
boys show more physical
aggression and less relational aggression than girls do. |
|
c. |
contrary to expectations,
boys show less verbal aggression and more relational aggression than
girls do. |
|
d. |
no consistent gender
differences have been found in the research on children's
aggression. |
____ 28. The gender
differences in aggression
|
a. |
are relatively large and
consistent, especially for adults. |
|
b. |
tend to be somewhat
larger when measuring unprovoked aggression. |
|
c. |
are usually larger when
we consider aggression directed toward strangers. |
|
d. |
are rarely demonstrated
when we consider relational aggression. |
____ 29. If Kristine is an
executive who has a transactional style of leadership, she would be most
likely to
|
a. |
reward employees who
correctly accomplish the assignments they had been given. |
|
b. |
encourage employees to
develop their abilities. |
|
c. |
work to gain the trust of
the employees. |
|
d. |
test and evaluate
employees on a daily basis. |
____ 30. Which of the
following statements best describes the factors that influence
women's employment patterns?
|
a. |
Ethnicity is not related
to employment. |
|
b. |
Surprisingly, women's
educational background has little influence on their likelihood of
being employed. |
|
c. |
White women are more
likely than women of color to be employed, no matter what their
level of education. |
|
d. |
Immigrant womenhave the
highest rate of employment, compared to other ethnic groups. |
____ 31. Access
discrimination may involve
|
a. |
discrimination against
women in promotion decisions. |
|
b. |
excluding women from
informal gatherings connected with work. |
|
c. |
offering women applicants
less attractive positions. |
|
d. |
paying women lower
salaries. |
____ 32. According to the
research on access discrimination against women,
|
a. |
people with strong
stereotypes about gender roles are more likely to demonstrate access
discrimination. |
|
b. |
access discrimination is
more likely to occur for less prestigious positions. |
|
c. |
access discrimination is
less likely to occur if the candidate's qualifications are
ambiguous. |
|
d. |
access discrimination
primarily operates when women apply for "gender-appropriate" jobs. |
____ 33. Which of the
following statements best describes the conclusions about women's salaries?
|
a. |
When factors such as type
of job and number of years of experience are equated, men and women
receive roughly equivalent salaries. |
|
b. |
At every level of
education, females earn much lower salaries than men do. |
|
c. |
Although men earn
significantly more than women if we consider only those who did not
graduate from college, gender differences disappear among college
graduates. |
|
d. |
The gender gap in
salaries is larger between Black men and Black women than between
White men and White women. |
____ 34. Discussions of
gender and work often use the term comparable worth. This terms means
that
|
a. |
men and women should be
paid according to the number of years of training or education they
have had. |
|
b. |
men and women should
receive the same pay for different, but comparable, jobs. |
|
c. |
women and men now receive
comparable salaries. |
|
d. |
women in stereotypically
masculine professions should receive salaries comparable to men in
stereotypically feminine professions. |
____ 35. An example of
occupational segregation would be that
|
a. |
the average male has a
higher salary than the average female. |
|
b. |
among a group of college
graduates, women would be more likely to go into teaching, whereas
men would be more likely to go into engineering. |
|
c. |
within a group of
workers, the males will receive higher ratings than the females. |
|
d. |
even when men and women
work at the same job, they tend to socialize with individuals of
their own gender. |
____ 36. According to the
research on the glass ceiling,
|
a. |
men are more likely than
women to be promoted to management positions. |
|
b. |
women are more likely
than men to choose to work part time. |
|
c. |
women of color are
promoted "through the glass ceiling" more rapidly than men of color. |
|
d. |
men are more likely than
women to experience the glass ceiling, whereas women are more likely
than men to experience the glass elevator. |
____ 37. Many women remain in
low-level jobs because they are never considered for positions with greater
responsibility. The metaphor used to describe this workplace situation-from
the viewpoint of a woman-is the
|
a. |
glass ceiling. |
|
b. |
sticky floor. |
|
c. |
glass escalator. |
|
d. |
stuck elevator. |
____ 38. The section of
Chapter 7 on treatment discrimination pointed out that women are especially
likely to receive negative ratings on the job if
|
a. |
they are perceived as
unfeminine. |
|
b. |
the raters have
sufficient time to spend on the rating task. |
|
c. |
the raters are well
acquainted with the women's work. |
|
d. |
the raters are young
females. |
____ 39. According to
research on women and men in traditionally male professions, which of the
following areas would be most likely to show gender differences?
|
a. |
Overall knowledge of a
discipline |
|
b. |
Commitment to work |
|
c. |
Personality styles |
|
d. |
General self-confidence |
____ 40. Imagine that you are
talking with an individual who is arguing that there are so few women in
engineering because women lack the motivation and the spatial skills to
succeed in this profession. This kind of explanation would be called a
|
a. |
situation-centered
explanation. |
|
b. |
comparable worth
argument. |
|
c. |
inequity explanation. |
|
d. |
person-centered
explanation. |
____ 41. What did the
textbook conclude about the reasons for the small number of women in some
occupations?
|
a. |
A person-centered
explanation seems to account for the data. |
|
b. |
A situation-centered
explanation seems to account for the data. |
|
c. |
A person-centered
explanation accounts for the abundance of men and the
situation-centered approach accounts for the scarcity of women. |
|
d. |
A person-centered
explanation accounts for the scarcity of women and the
situation-centered approach accounts for the abundance of men. |
____ 42. Sara and Jack are a
married couple; both of them are employed outside the home. If they are
typical of other married couples with respect to household chores,
|
a. |
Sara will perform about
70% of the household tasks. |
|
b. |
Jack will perform about
50% of the household tasks. |
|
c. |
They will both perceive
that the housework should be equally divided, even if it
isn't in reality. |
|
d. |
Jack and Sara will each
perform roughly half of the stereotypically feminine tasks, but not
the stereotypically masculine tasks. |
____ 43. Which of the
following represents the best summary of the current research on
child care?
|
a. |
Children who have been in
day care show consistently better social skills than children cared
for primarily at home. |
|
b. |
Children in day care show
advanced cognitive development, but they are much less likely to
show secure attachment to their mothers than children raised at
home. |
|
c. |
Although attachment seems
to be unaffected by day care, cognitive development can be delayed
due to the lack of individual attention. |
|
d. |
Many factors-such as
quality of program and economic background-probably influence the
effects of day care on children. |
____ 44. Role strain is
|
a. |
the frustration people
feel when they are stuck in a dead-end job. |
|
b. |
the sense of hopelessness
that housewives feel in trying to obtain satisfaction from their
work. |
|
c. |
the perceived difficulty
of fulfilling various role responsibilities. |
|
d. |
the discrepancy between
what a woman believes she is worth and the amount she is paid. |
____ 45. According to the
research about women's employment and their well-being,
|
a. |
women are less likely
than men to experience a leisure gap. |
|
b. |
women who work part time
are likely to have higher self-esteem than women who work full time. |
|
c. |
women who have fulfilling
jobs are likely to manage well with problems that arise at home. |
|
d. |
women who work full time
are likely to have better physical health than nonemployed women,
but their mental health is not affected. |
Practice exam 2
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D REF: p. 147
2. ANS: B REF: p. 148-149
3. ANS: D REF: p. 149
4. ANS: B REF: p. 151-152
5. ANS: C REF: p. 155-156
6. ANS: C REF: p. 156-157
7. ANS: C REF: p. 159-160
8. ANS: A REF: p. 159-160
9. ANS: A REF: p. 160-162
10. ANS: A REF: p. 160-164
11. ANS: A REF: p. 162-164
12. ANS: B REF: p. 166-167
13. ANS: B REF: p. 167
14. ANS: C REF: p. 167-170
15. ANS: A REF: p. 170-172
16. ANS: C REF: p. 178
17. ANS: A REF: p. 179
18. ANS: A REF: p. 182
19. ANS: B REF: p. 183-184
20. ANS: C REF: p. 185
21. ANS: A REF: p. 187
22. ANS: B REF: p. 187-188
23. ANS: A REF: p. 191
24. ANS: B REF: p. 191-192
25. ANS: B REF: p. 194
26. ANS: C REF: p. 194-195
27. ANS: B REF: p. 200-201
28. ANS: B REF: p. 201-202
29. ANS: A REF: p. 203
30. ANS: A REF: p. 213
31. ANS: C REF: p. 215
32. ANS: A REF: p. 215-216
33. ANS: B REF: p. 218-220
34. ANS: B REF: p. 220
35. ANS: B REF: p. 220
36. ANS: A REF: p. 222
37. ANS: B REF: p. 222
38. ANS: A REF: p. 223
39. ANS: D REF: p. 232
40. ANS: D REF: p. 234-235
41. ANS: B REF: p. 234-235
42. ANS: A REF: p. 238-239
43. ANS: D REF: p. 241-242
44. ANS: C REF: p. 243
45. ANS: C REF: p. 243-244